Does it matter what breakfast you feed your children?

The brain represents about 2% of body weight of an adult but it consumes 20% of the oxygen and glucose the body produces, even at rest. Glucose is the brain’s main fuel supply and is therefore necessary for mental performance.

Despite the well established fact that increased levels in glucose are associated with better cognition 10-30 % of people in Europe skip breakfast - the first opportunity to replenish the glucose levels in the blood after a long night of fasting.

We all know breakfast is important, but does it matter what type of breakfast? We enlisted one scientist and a classroom full of schoolchildren, to see if we could find out.

"increased levels in glucose are associated with better cognition"

On two consecutive days we got our children to test two different types of breakfast - an English breakfast of scrambled eggs and toast, and an American one of waffles and maple syrup.

We waited three hours for the breakfasts to take effect and then gave the children a frustrating game of swing ball to play. What we were looking for was not swing ball skill, but rather the ability to stay focused on the task in hand and not get frustrated with losing.

So which breakfast proved a winner? Staying power was more prominent after the English breakfast. Why? Because foods like eggs, toast, and oats have a low GI content which means the glucose is released more slowly into the blood keeping you focused for longer.

Can TV make your child fat?

tatistics show that the risk of adult obesity increases by 7% for every additional hour of weekend television watched by 5 year olds. It was originally thought that TV led to a more sedentary lifestyle but there is no conclusive evidence to support this so what’s going on?

"Rosie ate 3 more pieces of pizza when watching TV"

Eleven year old Rosie is active but still slightly overweight. We gave Rosie her favourite food, pizza, on two different evenings, one sitting in front of the television and the other sitting at the table. Rosie ate 3 more pieces of pizza when watching TV which, if she ate pizza every day, would be a whole extra 118 pizzas a year or 81900 calories. Why? It could be that when your brain is distracted by television it ignores your internal satiety signals.

How you eat is as important as what you eat so eat at a dinner table with the television switched off.

Does sugar make kids hyperactive?

Do you dread children’s parties because of the effect all those sugary snacks will have on your child? Does sugar turn your little angel into a little monster?

Are you sure it’s the sugar?

We decided to find out. Enter Becky and Niall. Two five year olds whose occasional out-of-control behaviour their parents’ attribute to sugar. Add two parties, one with sugary snacks and the other sugar-free, and mix well.

Day one, the underwater themed storytelling party. To make sure the experiment was impartial we told Becky’s mum Patricia, and Niall’s dad Michael, that we would be feeding their children a sugar-free lunch. Then we swapped the healthy snacks for the sugary ones.

When it was time for Becky and Niall to go home both parent’s were unsurprised at how calm they were since they believed that the children had consumed a healthy sugar-free lunch.

Day two, the crazy, boisterous, food throwing party. This time we told Becky’s and Nialls’ parents that we would be feeding them a lot of sugar and they prepared for the worst.

"they had both eaten the equivalent of 47.5 cubes of sugar"

The dreaded time arrived and we filmed Niall and Becky on the journey home. Both their behaviour was markedly different to what their parents had witnessed the day before and Patricia and Michael were certain the sugar had some influence.

On revealing our double-bluff Patricia and Michael were astounded by the outcome, especially when we told them that on day one, when the children were calmer, they had both eaten the equivalent of 47.5 cubes of sugar.

The theory that too much sugar makes children hyperactive doesn’t stand up to the tests - it may be that the environment your child is in is the defining factor in how boisterous their mood is. This doesn’t mean sugar get’s off lightly though. It may not lead to hyperactivity but it does make your blood sugar drop which could make your children irritable and distracted.

How do you avoid overeating?

Since the 1970s portion sizes have increased dramatically amongst children and adults. According to psychologists children rely on adults to show them how much to eat so we decided to see if, when doubling portion sizes, children know when their satiety signals are saying stop.

"They ate 73% more on the second day"

We are all born with an efficient system that tells us when we are hungry and when we are full. However, very early in life we are taught to override these signals. When children are presented with a large portion they will eat all of it in spite of feeling full. If children overeat consistently they are going to be overweight.

We took a class full of children and gave them an identical meal on two consecutive days. The difference was that on the first day we gave them the government recommended allowance and on the second day we doubled it.

Did the children know when to stop? Not quite. They ate 73% more on the second day than they did on the previous one. A 2000 study showed that three year olds still heard their satiety signals and stopped eating when they were full. Five year olds, on the other hand, finished their plates no matter what the portion size.

Eating habits are cultivated early on in life- if we are not careful we may be the first generation to outlive our children because of obesity so don’t overfeed your child.

Does restricting food make children want it more?

Research shows that by making foods unavailable they become more attractive. To test this we took a classroom of four and five year olds and examined their reaction to restricted treats over the week.

First, we had to find two foods that all the children were nonplussed about- we tested them with a range of dried fruit snacks and mangos and raisins were equally indifferent in the children’s preferences. Then the fun began. Every day, at snack time, we put the two bowls of snacks side by side and told the children that on the first whistle they had 15 minutes of unrestricted access to the mango. At the second whistle they had only five minutes of snack time to eat the raisins.

"there was a stampede to reach the forbidden fruit"

We watched the children day by day as the mango fell out of favour and the kids began cravin’ raisins. To begin with the children snacked voraciously on the mango but were more excited when it was raisin time. By the end of the week there was a stampede to reach the forbidden fruit, and the mango was looking less and less attractive.

The same kids who were indifferent to both snacks at the beginning of the week couldn’t get enough of the raisins by the end.

So, by restricting snacks you may have the adverse effect of making your children desire them even more and even encourage them to hide their snacking habits.

Can vegetables help you resist infection?

Within the colon there are over 500 bacterial species, making up about 95% of cells in the body. In effect, we are living, breathing, bacteria-carrying monsters!

Good bacteria in the gut break down carbohydrates to create 10 % of our daily energy. They also help the body fight infection and disease by combating the effects of the bad bacteria.

"The prebiotic group managed to increase their good bacteria numbers by 133 million"

We took 8 hard-working cowboys, and divided them into two groups. Half of them were put on a diet of probiotics - cultures containing good bacteria found in foods such as yoghurt. The other half we put on a prebiotic diet - substances found in certain vegetables such as leeks and bananas, which make the pre-existing good bacteria in the gut healthier.

Then we got down to the dirty work. Their poo was examined daily to measure the change in bacteria. If the good bacteria are fed well they should multiply in number and make the ranchers healthier.

The cowboys’ poo showed that the prebiotic group managed to increase their good bacteria numbers by 133 million, small in bacteria terms, but an encouraging effect. The probiotic group saw little change over the week, but over a longer period there’s evidence that they can make a difference.

It seems from our investigation the best thing you can do for your bacterial health is treat your good bacteria to a prebiotic meal. The best vegetables to feed good bacteria are artichokes, garlic, leeks and onions.

Can eating like an ape improve your health?

he prominence of diseases connected to high cholesterol and blood pressure in the world’s population raises the issue of whether our current western diet is a major factor in the development of cardiovascular illness, hypertension, stroke and diabetes.

Are we paying the price for eating processed foods?

"our group’s total cholesterol fell by 23%"

We took ten volunteers back in time to take a leaf out of the book of our ancestors in order to investigate what impact our short, sharp, shock would have on reducing the risk of fatal illnesses.

At the end of the period we tested the biological markers cholesterol and hypertension as the measures of our success. In just twelve days our group’s total cholesterol fell by 23% and we also saw a sharp decrease in sodium levels.

So, what does this show? That simply by introducing changes into our diet, by aping our ancestors, we can dramatically improve our health.

Can water help fill you up? - Soup Diet

There’s a common dieting myth that if you drink a glass of water before you eat you will feel fuller for longer.

But is there any truth in this? We took it upon ourselves to put the water theory up against the latest idea in the science of dieting.

The new buzzword in dieting is satiety - it’s less about reducing your calorie intake and more about eating foods that will keep you satiated for longer.

To illustrate our study we conducted at Nottingham University we took two teams with a love for classic American automobiles and sent them on a road trip through the lonely Nevada desert to see which group would give in to their hunger pangs first.

Both teams were given an identical meal of chicken and vegetables with a glass of water. The only difference was that one team drank the water before they ate, and the other had the water blended with the meal to make a soup.

Then we sat back and waited for the hunger signals to kick in.

In the original study the group who ate the chicken and vegetable soup were satiated for 60 minutes more when compared to the group who drank the water before the chicken and vegetable meal.

"activating our satiety signals can reduce our hunger by up to a quarter"

But why? When we drink a glass of water with our meal our stomach is able to sieve the water from the solids passing quickly from our intestines into the stomach. However, when we combine the water and food in a soup this sieving is prevented and ensures that the water and the nutrients from the food stay together, homogenised, thus entering the intestine at the same time.

Because of the increased volume of the water and solid combined the food stays in our stomach for longer, activating our satiety signals and delaying emptying, which, according to the scientists, can reduce our hunger by up to a quarter.

Which type of food is the most filling?

Many of us think that the best way to fill our stomachs is with a large amount of carbs. But is this the best way to keep us from snacking throughout the day?

We decided to find out. Research shows that eight out of nine subjects ate less after a protein-rich meal than after a protein-poor one.

To illustrate this we recruited three volunteers used to working long shifts and snacking on the job to see if we could give them a meal that would set them up for the long day ahead. We fed each of our recruits a pasta meal - one high in fat, one high in protein and one high in carbohydrates. Then we detained them at Her Majesty’s pleasure just to make sure they couldn’t give in to temptation.

Four hours later we let them loose and carefully observed as they tucked in to a well earned pizza.

"subjects ate less after a protein-rich meal"

The inmate who ate the smallest amount during lunch was the one who had had the protein-rich meal.

So, if you don’t want your hunger getting you in trouble, try a meal high in protein to keep hunger locked away for longer.

Does Detox work?

Despite the high profile of detox diets, very little research exists to prove whether it has any measurable value. In this study, we put the diet to the test, finding out if following a strict detox plan can really reduce the body’s toxic load and enhance the efficiency of our body’s innate systems.

"relying on a detox isn’t the solution"

We took ten party animals to a country cottage retreat for ten days to see if a detox diet could recharge their internal batteries. The group was split into two and half the girls were put on a balanced diet, including red meat, alcohol, coffee and tea, pasta, bread, chocolate and crisps (in moderation), with the remainder following a strict vice-free diet.

Can a short, sharp shock really change the levels of toxicity in your body in just a week?

After testing the kidney and liver functions and measuring the antioxidant and aluminium levels in their blood we found there were no differences between the groups.

Which just goes to show, in a binge and purge culture relying on a detox isn’t the solution. Your body has its own way of regulating toxins and a week of suffering won’t change that so you are better off sticking to a balanced diet all the time.

Is it my metabolism?

From Truth about Food:

Is it my metabolism?

Do you have a friend who can eat anything she wants and never put on weight? Do you simply look at a cake and feel your waistline expanding? Think it’s all down to your metabolism? Think again.

We found two best friends, Becky and Jo, with very different shaped bodies who think that how much you can eat is all down to your metabolic rate.

We decided to dispel this myth once and for all by closely watching, and testing our friends over the course of 10 days. Not completely trusting them to record their food diaries accurately, we also placed cameras around their homes and used our secret weapon- doubly labelled water. Without our volunteers realising, we could see exactly how many calories they were consuming and the energy they used to move around just by examining their daily urine samples. By asking them to keep the food diaries we could also see whether they were being truthful with themselves.

At the end of the week did their urine results match their food diaries? Not quite. Becky and Jo’s urine samples showed that although they did a similar amount of activity Becky ate 50% less per day than Jo.

"the larger you are the higher your metabolic rate"

In fact, the larger you are the higher your metabolic rate, the amount of energy your body uses at complete rest, will be. This is because when your body is at complete rest larger people need more energy to pump the blood around the body and to keep moving. Just as a big car uses more fuel so a bigger person uses more energy.

So, next time you go to blame your metabolism for your weight, remember the cold hard truth - thin people eat less.

Some takeaway tips to help you to downsize:

1. We all know that the bigger the container the more of it we’ll eat. So do yourself a favour and downsize rather than supersize.
2. Examine your portion sizes carefully - keep the evidence around until you have finished eating.
3. Increase the amount of protein in your meal without increasing the calories.
4. If you can’t cut down on the calories you are consuming, try a bit of NEAT activity:

1. 15 min moderate walking will burn 52 extra kcal.*
2. 15 min hoovering / dusting will burn 38 extra kcal.*
3. 15 min weeding will burn 52 extra kcal.*
4. 15 min moderate car washing will burn 43 extra kcal.*
5. 15 min recreational cycling will burn 45 extra kcal.*

(* Based on a 40 year old female of 5’5" tall who weighs 12st 7lb and is moderately sedentary).

1. If you think eating slow might benefit you: Time yourself eating a meal and then eat the exact same meal at another time, 50% slower. See if you are more satiated afterwards.
2. Eat soup as a starter to your meal and water down soups and casseroles.
3. If you’ve tried lots of diets and still find it difficult keeping off extra weight you could try writing down everything you eat in a food diary. Remember, everything counts - sometimes we forget how many calories we’ve actually consumed throughout the day and a diary may help.

Traditional wisdom says eggs are bad. Myth or Fact !

Eggs are one of nature's near-perfect foods. They contain an easily digestible form of protein, plus about a zillion other valuable compounds and nutrients, and with rare exceptions (we'll get to those in a bit) there isn't a single sound reason to avoid them, despite what you may have heard.

The advice of conventional dietitians and traditional medical folks to avoid eggs was based on the fact that eggs contain two substances that continue to suffer from a terrible reputation: cholesterol and fat. The demonizing of fat is a subject worth a column all its own, so we'll save that for another time. Right now, let's look a little more closely at cholesterol.

As we all know "The average literate Indian doesn't know exactly what cholesterol is but is quite certain that it's dangerous." The consensus seems to be that whatever it is, the less cholesterol the better. In fact, cholesterol is needed by every cell in the body. Without cholesterol, our bodies would disintegrate. About 80 percent of the cholesterol in the body is produced by the body itself, regardless of how much of it you eat or don't eat.

Most of your body's cholesterol is found in the cells, where it does all kinds of good things. Only about 7 percent of the body's store of cholesterol is in the blood, and even then it doesn't do any real damage until it oxidizes and begins to stick to the arterial walls. Nature, however, in her infinite wisdom, created the egg complete with its own built-in antioxidant. It's called lecithin, and it helps prevent the cholesterol in eggs from becoming a problem. Interestingly, lecithin is found in the yolk, which many people mistakenly discard because it contains cholesterol.

The real take-home point however, is this: Dietary cholesterol has virtually no effect on serum cholesterol. Even Dr. Ancel Keys, whose original "Seven Countries" study gave rise to the whole fat/cholesterol/heart disease madness in the first place, has said: "There's no connection whatsoever between cholesterol in food and cholesterol in the blood. None. And we've known that all along." That has been confirmed in study after study after study. Except in rare cases, the amount of cholesterol in the diet will affect your blood levels nary a wit. (The only exception to this are people who are called "cholesterol responders." Their bodies do not automatically decrease their internal production of cholesterol when dietary intake increases, so for this small group dietary cholesterol should be monitored.)

Egg yolks do contain an essential fatty acid called arachadonic acid, which has a mixed reputation. On the one hand, it is essential for your metabolism, and some authorities claim that up to 20 percent of the population is deficient in it. On the other, it is the "parent" molecule for many inflammatory substances, and some people are particularly sensitive to it. But according to nutritional educator Robert Crayhon, even if you're eating 10 whole eggs a day, it's probably not the presence of
arachadonic acid that's causing problems; it's much more likely to be an imbalance between the arachadonic acid and the omega-3 fatty acids that are missing from the diets of most Americans.

The solution? Make sure you're getting enough of those great omega-3's (found in fish and flaxseed oil), and don't worry about the arachadonic acid in the egg yolks.

By the way, in many supermarkets organic eggs, which contain plenty of omega-3's, properly balanced in the correct, beneficial ratio, are now available. As Dr. Fred Pescatore says, "If you buy nothing else for your family that is organic, please make it eggs."

To sum up: Can eggs be included as part of a healthy, fat-losing, low-carbohydrate diet? YES

How to find your BMI?

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the preferred method of measurement for doctors and researchers studying obesity. The formula used to calculate an individual's BMI is weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared. There are also differences in the interpretation of the BMI score of children as they grow.

Typically, the BMI will decrease in preschoolers and increase in adults. With children, the chart shows the percentile for the age of the child. For example, if a boy who is 2 years of age has a BMI of 19.3, he is in the 95th percentile for his age, meaning that 95 percent of children have a lower BMI score than he does.

BMI measurement is an efficient way to measure weight status as compared to the rest of the population, and is used to predict the risk for weight-related health problems. Although it is correlated with body fat, its implications differ according to age and sex.

Women generally have more body fat than men, for example. Furthermore, a muscular athlete and an out-of-shape person can have the same BMI score. Older people tend to have more body fat than younger adults with the same BMI. Interpretation of the BMI scores, therefore, is not an exact science.

How is BMI related to overall health?

The BMI rates show the effect that greater body weight has on increased risk for: cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, and ultimately, premature death.

In adults over 20 years of age, the BMI chart shows BMI scores of less than 18.5 as underweight, while the normal range should be between 18.5 and 24.9. Those with scores falling between 25.0 and 29.9 are deemed overweight, while those at 30.0 and above are classified as obese. Another measurement used to assess health risks is waist measurement.

When coupled with the BMI chart score, women with waist measurements of greater than 35 inches, and men with greater than 40 inches in circumference, are considered to be at even greater risk for health problems than those with lower waist measurements -- even if their BMI scores are merely in the overweight as opposed to the obese range.

It is important to note that BMI is only one indicator of relative health or risk for disease. With weight control and exercise, BMI scores can be brought into the healthy range, and overall health can be considerably improved.

BMI (kg/m2)	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	35	40
Height (in.)	Weight (lb.)
58	91	96	100	105	110	115	119	124	129	134	138	143	167	191
59	94	99	104	109	114	119	124	128	133	138	143	148	173	198
60	97	102	107	112	118	123	128	133	138	143	148	153	179	204
61	100	106	111	116	122	127	132	137	143	148	153	158	185	211
62	104	109	115	120	126	131	136	142	147	153	158	164	191	218
63	107	113	118	124	130	135	141	146	152	158	163	169	197	225
64	110	116	122	128	134	140	145	151	157	163	169	174	204	232
65	114	120	126	132	138	144	150	156	162	168	174	180	210	240
66	118	124	130	136	142	148	155	161	167	173	179	186	216	247
67	121	127	134	140	146	153	159	166	172	178	185	191	223	255
68	125	131	138	144	151	158	164	171	177	184	190	197	230	262
69	128	135	142	149	155	162	169	176	182	189	196	203	236	270
70	132	139	146	153	160	167	174	181	188	195	202	207	243	278
71	136	143	150	157	165	172	179	186	193	200	208	215	250	286
72	140	147	154	162	169	177	184	191	199	206	213	221	258	294
73	144	151	159	166	174	182	189	197	204	212	219	227	265	302
74	148	155	163	171	179	186	194	202	210	218	225	233	272	311
75	152	160	168	176	184	192	200	208	216	224	232	240	279	319
76	156	164	172	180	189	197	205	213	221	230	238	246	287	328